jueves, julio 17, 2008

Biogasolina: ¿aire más puro?

Columna publicada en Vanguardia Liberal en julio 17 de 2008

Hace un par de semanas, el gobierno anunció que acelerara los planes para introducir el consumo de biocombustibles en todo el país. En Santander, el consumo de la biogasolina (mezcla gasolina-alcohol) se inició el año pasado. Uno de los argumentos que utiliza el gobierno para promocionar este tipo de combustibles es que su uso traerá “un aire más puro”. ¿Es esto cierto? Veamos.

La resolución 898 (1995) estableció que las gasolinas colombianas debían reducir su Presión de Vapor Reid (PVR) de 8.5 Psia en 1996 a 8.1 en 2006. Más tarde se redujo a 8.0. Lo anterior con el propósito de reducir la emisión de compuestos orgánicos volátiles (nocivos para la salud y el ambiente) en los tanques de almacenamiento en las estaciones y los vehículos. Este fue uno de los objetivos del proyecto de mejoramiento de la gasolina automotor que adelantó ECOPETROL en los años 90 (Gasolina Verde).

El problema es que la biogasolina tiene un mayor PVR, por ello su uso incrementa la emisión de volátiles y desbarata los esfuerzos hechos para reducirlos. Claro que no contábamos con la astucia oficial, que expidió la resolución 447 (2003) que aumentó la norma para la PVR de la gasolina oxigenada con etanol de 8.0 a 9.3 psia, esto implica que combustibles que antes no se podían usar por su alto PVR, hoy sí. No por que se haya mejorado su calidad, sino por que se ablandó la norma. ¿Se cambió un problema por otro de igual o peor riesgo sanitario y ambiental?

Esto lo confirma un informe de la Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME) del MinMinas que advierte: "En la bibliografía consultada se evidencia reducción generalizada de emisiones contaminantes (hidrocarburos y monóxido de carbono) con excepción de los aldehídos y los óxidos de nitrógeno”.

Al hacer referencia a un debate en el Congreso sobre el tema y citar el informe de la UPME, la publicación Zona Económica anota: “Entre los aldehídos se encuentra el acetaldehído, compuesto cancerígeno e inductor de alteraciones genéticas (El aumento de las emisiones de acetaldehído y formaldehído se ha reportado en otros países que usan biogasolina, comentario del columnista); mientras los óxidos de nitrógeno son causantes de la lluvia ácida y de la eutrofización de cuerpos de agua (Los óxidos de nitrógeno –además- reaccionan con los COV e incrementan la formación de ozono urbano, otro contaminante de cuidado). No son estos los únicos compuestos nocivos que es necesario controlar. ¿Es demasiado pedir que la euforia ceda el paso al análisis juicioso de estos y otros fenómenos?”.

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